K*^ 


•H 


m 

k      -^*W 


m 


-  • 


t 


Ir- 


\   &* 
^-^*r 


Sn 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF 


u 

°aSS        G  b«n 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


I  N 


DON  QUIJOTE  DE  LA  MANCHA 


DISSERTATION 


SUBMITTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS   UNIVERSITY  IN 
CONFORMITY  WITH  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 

WILLIAM   ELFORD   GOULD 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 
1905 


PRESERVATION 
COPY  ADDED 


TO 

PROFESSOR  CHAKLES  CAKROLL  MARDEN 

AS  A  TOKEN  OF  THE   APPRECIATION  AND  REGARD  OF  HTg  PUPIL 

THIS  MONOGRAPH 

IS 
RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 


155521 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION,   -  7-9 

NOTE,                                                                                  -  10 

CONCESSIVE  CLAUSE?,     -  11-18 
SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD  : 

I.  The  Subjunctive  in  the  Subordinate  Clause,         -  19-37 

Adverbial  Ckuses,        -  19-25 

Adjective  Clauses,    -  25-29 

Substantive  Clauses,       -  30-33 

II.  The  Subjunctive  in  the  Principal  Clause,  33-35 
BIBLIOGRAPHY,                                                 ....  36-37 
LIFE,             ----.....  38 


or  THF 
UNIVERSITY 


INTRODUCTION. 


Although  we  have  many  grammars  of  the  Castilian  language  in 
addition  to  Boheman's  dissertation  on  the  Subjunctive  in  Gonzalo 
de  Berceo,  Gessner's  treatise  on  the  Hypothetical  sentence  in 
Spanish,  and  the  work  of  such  writers  as  Diez,  Foth,  Meyer-Liibke, 
nevertheless,  as  compared  with  French,  little  has  been  written  on 
Spanish  syntax  in  general  or  the  Spanish  subjunctive  in  particular. 
It  was  felt,  therefore,  that  it  would  be  profitable  to  make  a  study 
of  the  Subjunctive  Mood  in  the  Quijote  ;  on  the  one  hand,  because 
the  present  writer  already  had  some  familiarity  with  the  great 
work  of  Cervantes,  and  again  more  particularly  on  account  of  its 
pre-eminent  position  as  a  monument  of  Castilian  prose.  A 
most  important  reason  also,  was  the  fact  that  we  have  access  to  the 
original  form  of  the  Quijote,  both  in  the  edition  of  Fitzmaurice- 
Kelly,1  and  in  the  fac-simile  text.2 

The  object  of  the  present  dissertation  has  been,  first,  to  offer  a 
collection  of  all  the  examples  of  the  Subjunctive  Mood  in  the 
Quijote  ;  secondly,  to  establish  the  laws  governing  the  use  of  this 
Subjunctive ;  thirdly,  to  show,  wherever  possible,  that  this  Sub- 
junctive was  an  historical  development  from  the  Latin ;  and  fourthly, 
to  emphasize  those  usages  which  are  characteristic  of  the  Quijote, 
in  contrast  with  the  Castilian  of  an  earlier  or  later  period. 

The  text  used  is  that  of  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  which  reproduces 
the  text  of  the  editio  princeps  of  Madrid,  1605.  It  contains  the 
variants  of  the  editions  of  Valencia  1605,  Brussels  1607,  Madrid 
1605,  1608  and  1637,  together  with  the  Madrid  reprints  of  1647, 
1652  and  1668,  as  well  as  the  variants  of  the  more  modern  and 
standard  editions  up  to  his  time.  The  present  writer  has  made 
careful  comparison  with  the  fac-simile  of  the  first  edition,  and  in 
the  case  of  the  not  infrequent  errors  in  the  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  text, 

the  corrections  are  given  in  the  foot-notes,  where  emendations  are 

. 

1Cf.  Bibliography,  No.  10.  2Cf.  Bibliography,  No.  14. 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

necessary  in  the  cases  of  the  examples  treated.  In  the  use  and 
omission  of  accents,  the  edition  of  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  has  been 
followed.  In  1,  22,  198  ;  1,  34,  344;  2,  17,  134;  2,  58,  448  ; 
and  2,  71,  539  the  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  text  reads  llameis,  pareciera, 
maten,  paseis  and  vuelvas,  respectively,  thus  giving  us  five  Sub- 
junctive forms  which  are  in  every  case  contrary  to  Castilian  syntax. 
Reference  to  the  fac-simile  show  that  the  correct  readings  are 
Uamais,  pareeia,  matan,  pasais  and  vuelves.  Therefore  no  notice 
has  been  taken  of  the  pseudo-Subjunctive  forms.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  several  cases  when  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  has  given  us  an 
Indicative  where  the  fac-simile  gives  us  a  Subjunctive  as  required 
by  the  syntax,  attention  has  been  called  to  the  error  in  the  foot-notes. 

As  to  the  arrangement  of  the  material,  it  should  be  stated  that 
the  idea  of  presenting  first  the  Adverbial  Clauses  was  suggested  by 
the  relatively  greater  importance  of  the  Subjunctive  in  the  Subordi- 
nate Clause,  and  carrying  this  idea  one  step  further,  the  Subjunc- 
tive in  Hypothetical  Clauses  was  presented  first  of  all  on  account 
of  the  amount  of  the  material,  and  also  because  of  the  exceptional 
number  of  the  important  types  displayed.  Since  in  the  normal 
type  of  the  Hypothetical  Sentence  in  Castilian,  we  have  a  Subjunctive 
Mood  in  both  the  Principal  and  Subordinate  Clause,  and  since, 
furthermore,  it  is  impossible  to  study  one  clause  of  the  Hypothe- 
tical Sentence  without  taking  the  other  into  consideration,  the  entire 
treatment  of  Hypothetical  Sentences  has  been  disposed  of  in 
connexion  with  Part  I  (Subordinate  Clauses).  The  same  treat- 
ment has  been  followed  in  the  cases  of  Concessive  Sentences  of 
Unreality,  and  Concessive  Sentences  of  the  type  Sea  lo  que  fuere. 

Regarding  the  system  of  citation  of  examples,  the  figures  1,  26, 
245,  for  instance,  would  signify  that  the  example  is  found  in  Vol. 
i,  Chapter  xxvi,  p.  245,  and  in  the  case  of  1,  26,  245-246,  one 
part  of  the  sentence  containing  the  example  would  be  found  at  the 
bottom  of  page  245,  and  the  rest  at  the  top  of  page  246.  The 
figures  2,  9,  75,  would,  of  course,  refer  to  Vol.  n,  Chapter  ix, 
p.  75.  In  cases  where  Vol.  I  and  Vol.  n  are  mentioned  at  the 
head  of  a  list  of  references,  the  figures  20,  168,  for  instance,  would 
indicate  a  reference  to  Chapter  xx,  p.  168.  It  is  understood,  in 
every  case,  that  all  the  examples  are  given  ;  and  should  there  be 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

more  than  one  example  of  the  same  kind  on  one  page,  the  second 
example  is  referred  to  as  bis,  the  third  as  ter,  etc.,  the  figures  being 
repeated  ,in  every  case.  The  Chapters  are  cited  as  well  as  the 
Volume  and  page,  in  order  to  make  the  material  accessible  to 
readers  not  having  at  hand  the  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  edition. 

To  conclude,  attention  should  here  be  called  to  an  exceptional  use 
of  fuera.  In  the  following  two  stanzas  of  a  ballad,  the  form  fuei-a 
is  not  used  with  the  force  of  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive,  but  repre- 
sents a  rare  use  in  the  sense  of  the  Preterit,  often  met  with  in  the 
old  Ballads.1  This  latter  fact  accounts  for  the  use  in  the  Quijote. 

Xunca  fuera  caballero 

De  damas  tan  Men  servido, 

Como  fuera  Don  Quixote 

Cuando  de  su  aldea  vino.     (1,  2,  32). 

Xunca  fuera  caballero 

De  damas  tan  bien  servjdo, 

Como  fuera  Lanzarote 

Cuando  de  Bretaua  vino.     (1,  13,  99). 

1  Cf.  Foerster,  Spmische  SpraMehre,  p.  350,  §  434,  3  ;  Cuervo,  Notas  d  la  Gram, 
de  Bello,  p.  93,  §  94. 


NOTE. 


It  being  impracticable,  at  the  present  time,  to  print  the  entire 
dissertation,  the  author  publishes  a  single  chapter  in  full,  and  a 
synopsis  of  the  entire  work.  In  connection  with  the  synopsis,  the 
statistics  are  added,  and  whenever  the  number  of  examples  does 
not  exceed  two,  the  references  to  these  examples  have  been  included 
in  parenthesis.  It  is  hoped,  therefore,  that  the  two  sections  here 
published  may  show  not  only  the  details  of  the  Concessive  Clauses, 
but  may  give  some  definite  idea  of  the  scope  of  the  Subjunctive 
in  the  Quijote,  the  relative  frequency  of  the  various  types  and 
specific  illustration  of  those  constructions  which  are  especially 
rare. 


/ 


PART    I. 


CONCESSIVE  CLAUSES. 

The  particle  introducing  eighty  per  cent  of  the  Concessive 
Clauses  in  the  Quijote  is  aunque,  which  may  be  taken  as  the 
type,  the  other  introductory  particles  representing  either  equiva- 
lents in  meaning  and  value,  or  intensifications  of  the  same. 
Cuervo  says  of  aunque : 

"Hace  los  oficios  de  adverbio  y  de  conjuncion.  En  calidad 
de  adverbio,  es  relative,  lo  mismo  que  donde,  cuando,  como ;  y  en 
cuanto  al  significado,  es  concesivo,  6  sea  introduce  una  objecion, 
real  6  posible,  al  pensamiento  expresado  en  la  proposicion  prin- 
cipal, denotando  al  mismo  tiempo  que  tal  objecion,  aun  admitida, 
no  lo  destruye  6  invalida.  Con  indie,  denota  que  se  admits  la 
objecion  como  hecho  real  y  positivo.  Con  subj.  presenta  la 
objecion  como  meramente  posible." 

Cuervo  adds  that  when  aunque  is  immediately  followed  by 
mas  its  meaning  is  heightened  or  intensified.2  This  gives  us 
aunque  mds. 

Continuing,  Cuervo  says  of  aunque : 

"  Compuesto  de  aun  y  que.  La  primitiva  hubo  de  ser  la  cons- 
truccion  con  subj.  como  en  francos  e  italiano;  en  este  caso  el 
modo  del  verbo  daria  el  sentido  concesivo,  y  aun  lo  realzaria  como 
en  los  casos  en  que  precede  a  si,  cuando.  El  valor  concesivo  del 
subjuntivo  es  comun  precediendole  que :  Que  se  vaya,  nada  me 
importa."  3 

Next  in  point  of  frequency  of  use  for  the  introduction  of  con- 
cessive clauses  in  the  Quijote  we  have  puesto  que,  which  was  a 
synonym 4  of  aunque  in  the  time  of  Cervantes.  Less  frequently 

lj)iccionario,  I,  p.  784.     Cf.  Foerster,  Span.  Sprachlehre,  p.  432,  §  503,  2. 

2  Diccionario,  I,  p.  785,  /3.  3  Diccionario,  I,  p.  787. 

*Cf.  Sbarbi,  El  refmnero  general  espanol,  p.  36  of  Intraducibilidad  del  Quijote; 
also,  Garces,  Fundamento,  pp.  269-270  ;  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Espanola  par  la 
Real  Academia,  Madrid,  1878,  under  Conjunciones  Adversativas,  p.  187 ;  Bello, 
Gram.,  §  1268  (b). 

11 


12  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN   DON    QUIJOTE. 

used,  and  with  much  the  same  meaning,  are  aunque  mds,  cuando, 
maguer  que,  porque,  aun  si,  ya  que,  puesto  caso  que,  and  d  pesar 
de  que.  Si  %ien l  also  occurs,  but  only  as  introducing  Concessive 
Clauses  of  Unreality.  Porque 2  only  occurs  once,  likewise  maguer,3 
with  the  Subjunctive  ;  the  former  in  poetry,  and  the  latter  in  the 
letter  which  Don  Quijote  wrote  to  Dulcinea  del  Toboso.  The 
entire  language  of  the  letter  is  antiquated  and  maguer  que  was 
evidently  already  an  archaism  in  the  time  of  Cervantes.  Maguer 
que 4  occurs  several  times  without  the  verb  ;  for  example,  maguer 
que  tonto  (1,  27,  249) ;  maguer  tonta  (2,  5,  46) ;  and  magmra 
tonto  (2,  33,  266).  In  every  such  case  the  intention  of  Cervantes 
to  use  archaic  language  is  evident. 

The  concessive  locution,  por  mds  que,  synonymous 5  with  aun- 
que mds,  and  the  concessive  locutions,  por  -f  any  adjective,  adverb 
or  substantive  used  attributively  -f-  que  (as,  for  example,  por  bueno 
que,6  por  mucho  que,  por  hombre  que),  are  component  parts  of  rela- 
tive sentences,  and  although  concessive  in  sense  are  more  properly 
treated  under  Adjective  Clauses. 

1 .    Aunque. 

....  si  no,  por  el  mismo  juramento  os  juro  de  volver  a  buscaros 
y  a"  castigaros,  y  que  os  tengo  de  hallar,  aunque  os  escondais  mas  que 
una  lagartija.  1,  4,  43. 

....  suplico  ....  que  vuestra  merced  sea  servido  de  mostrarnos 
algun  retrato  de  esa  seiiora,  aunque  sea  tamano  como  un  grano  de 
trigo.  1,  4,  46. 

.  .  .  .  es  porque  no  es  dado  a  los  caballeros  andantes  quejarse  de 
herida  alguna,  aunque  se  le  salgan  las  tripas  por  ella.  1,  8,  66. 

....  mucho  mejor  me  sabe  lo  que  como  en  mi  rincon  sin  melin- 
dres  ni  respetos,  aunque  sea  pan  y  cebolla.  1,  11,  85. 

....  cae  muy  mal  el  decir  :  quierote  por  hermosa,  hasme  de  amar 
aunque  sea  feo  .  .  .  .  1,  14,  113. 

1  Si  bien,  see  Cli.  iv,  p.  43,  of  Hypothetical  Sentences. 

2Cf.  p.  16.  3Cf.  p.  16. 

4  In  the  time  of  Berceo,  maguer  occurred  much  more  frequently  than  aunque, 
with  both  the  Ind.  and  the  Subj.  as  the  case  might  be.  Cf.  Boheman,  Om  Bruket 
af  Konjunktiven,  pp.  89-90.  5  Cf .  Bello,  Gram.,  §  1227,  6. 

6Cf.  Meyer-Liibke,  Gram,  des  Lang.  Rom.,  Ill,  pp.  709,  710. 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN   DON   QUIJOTE.  13 

....  aunque  vea  que  me  hacen  pedazos  no  me  socorra  ni  ayude. 
1,  31,  308. 

Eso  no,  marido  mio,  dijo  Teresa,  viva  la  gallina  aunque  sea  con  su 
pepita.  2,  5,  47. 

....  que  con  esta  carga  nacemos  las  mujeres  de  estar  obedientes  a 
sus  maridos,  aunque  sean  unos  porros.  2,  5,  52. 

....  si  levanta  la  mano  al  cabello  para  componerle,  aunque  no  este 
desordenado.  2,  10,  79. 

....  con  las  cuales  le  hare  despertar  la  colera,  aunque  este  con 
mas  sueno  que  un  liron.  2,  14,  112. 

.  .  .  .  y  finalmente  mantenedor  de  la  verdad,  aunque  le  cueste  la 
vida  el  defenderla.  2,  18,  144. 

....  porque  estamos  todos  obligados  a  tener  respeto  a  los  ancianos, 
aunque  no  sean  caballeros.  2,  23,  188. 

....  ni  el  cielo  permita  que  yo  engane  a  nadie,  aunque  sea  en  un 
pelo  de  la  cabeza.  2,  35,  286. 

Senor,  replico  Sancho,  yo  imagine  que  es  bueno  mandar,  aunque  sea 
a  un  hato  de  ganado.  2,  42,  321. 

The  remaining  examples  are : 

Vol.  1—4,  46  (bis)  ;  8,  65  ;  8,  68  ;  9,  74  ;  11,  87  ;  12,  93  ; 
12,96;  14,113;  16,128;  18,  142;  18,151;  20,163;  20, 

165  ;  21,  185  ;  23,  205  ;  23,  209  ;  24,  216  ;  24,  217  ;  25,  230  ; 
25,  237  ;  27,  248  ;  27,  248  (bis) ;  27,  261 ;  28,  268 ;  28,  269- 
270;  29,  287;  30,  296;  33,  324;  33,  326;  33,  326  (bis);  33, 
327  ;  34,  333  ;  34,  335  ;  34,  335  (bis) ;  36,  361 ;  36,  364 ;  37, 
377  ;  37,  377  (bis)  ;  40,  391 ;  40,  391  (bis)  ;  40,  392  ;  41,  400  ; 
41,  412 ;  42,  416  ;  42,  421 ;  42,  421  (bis)  ;  48,  477  ;  48,  477 
(bis)  ;  50,  489  ;  50,  492  ; 

Vol.  II— 4,  43;  6,  53;  6,  53  (bis);  6,  54;  6,  54  (bis);  6, 
55  ;  6,  56  ;  11,  88-89  ;  11,  92  ;  11,  92  (bis)  ;  13, 103  ;  16, 123  ; 
17,136;  19,153;  19,155;  19,157;  20,163;  20,165;  20, 

166  ;  23,  189  ;  24,  198  ;  25,  200  ;  25,  205  ;  25,  208  ;  27,  219  ; 
30,  240 ;  31,  247  ;  31,  247  (bis) ;  32,  252  ;  32,  253  ;  32,  256  ; 
33,266;  33,267;  34,275;  35,281;  36,289;  37,294;  37, 
294  (bis);  40,  305;  40,  309;  41,  314;  42,  321  (aunque  sea); 
43,  328  ;  43,  330  ;  45,  346  ;  45,  347  ;  47,  355  ;  47,  358  ;  49, 
371  ;  50,  388  ;  51,  395  ;  53,  411  ;  53,  411  (bis)  ;  57,  434  ;  58, 
448;  62,  478;  63,  486;  64,  496;  69,  525;  70,  530;  72,  544. 


14  THE    SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

As  already  stated  in  the  citation  from  Cuervo,1  aunque,  when 
followed  by  the  Indicative  shows  that  the  objection  is  conceded  as 
real  or  positive,  for  example  : 

....  como  yo  confieso  y  creo,  que  vos,  aunque  pareceis  el  ba- 
chiller  Sanson  Carrasco,  no  lo  sois,  sino  otro  que  le  parece.  2,  14,  118. 

Quedo  la  Duquesa  admirada  de  la  desenvoltura  de  Altisidora,  que 
aunque  la  tenia  por  atrevida  y  desenvuelta,  no  en  grado  que  se  atre- 
viera  a  semej antes  desenvolturas.  2,  57,  436. 

Aunque  tiene  los  ojos  en  su  lugar  y  derechos,  siempre  mira  al  reves. 

1,  30,  290. 

2.    Puesto  que.2 

Puesto  que,  though  synonymous  with  aunque  at  the  time  of  Cer- 
vantes, and  presenting  the  same  usage,  occurs  much  less  fre- 
quently. The  examples  are : 

....  que  nadie  habra  que  lo  sepa,  que  no  diga  que  hizo  dema- 
siado  de  bien,  puesto  que  le  lleve  et  diablo.  1,  25,  232. 

....  porque  te  hago  saber  que  los  diablos  saben  mucho,  y  puesto 
que  traigan  olores  consigo,  ellos  no  huelen  nada.  1,  47,  461. 

....  mas,  puesto  que  coneeda  que  esta  alii,  no  por  eso  me  obligo 
&  creer  las  historias  de  tantos  Amadises.  1,  49,  486. 

....  y  puesto  que  sea  asi,  quiero  que  calles  y  vengas 

2,  20,  160. 

.  .  .  .  de  donde  se  infiere  que,  puesto  que  se  conceda  que  hay  Dul- 
cinea  en  el  Toboso  6  fuera  del,  y  que  sea  hermosa  en  el  sumo  grado 
que  vuesa  merced  nos  la  pinta,  en  lo  de  la  alteza  del  linaje  no  cor  re 
parejas  con  las  Orianas.  2,  32,  258. 

The  remaining  examples  are  : 

y0l.  I_28,  271 ;  33,  323 ;  33,  323-324;  33,  326  ; 

Vol.  II— 5,  50-51 ;  29,  231 ;  41,  313 ;  43,  328  ;  67,  515. 

Puesto  que,  like  aunque,  is  followed  by  the  Indicative  when  the 
objection  is  conceded  as  real  or  positive.  Examples  in  Vol.  I  are  : 

1Cf.  p.  11. 

2  There  are  two  examples  in  the  Quijote  where  puesto  que  is  used  in  a  Causal 
Sense,  namely,  1,  47,  467,  and  2,  72,  542.  See  Ch.  on  Causal  Sentences,  p. 


THE    SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON    QUIJOTE.  15 

puesto  que  jamas  llego  la  sandez  de  Sancho  a  tanto,  que  creyese  no 
ser  verdad  pura  y  averiguada  .  .  .  .  lo  de  haber  sido  manteado. 
46,  457. 

Cf.  also  :  38,  381. 
Examples  in  Vol.  II  are : 

hojeo  mas  los  que  son  profanos  que  los  devotos,  como  scan  de  hon- 
esto  entretenimiento,  que  deleiten  con  el  lenguaje,  y  admiren  y  sus- 
pendan  con  la  invencion,  puesto  que  destos  hay  muy  pocos  en  Espana. 
2,  16,  126. 

Admiraronse  todos  aquellos  que  la  conocian,  y  mas  los  Duques  que 
ninguno  ;  que  puesto  que  la  tenian  por  boba  y  de  buena  pasta,  no  por 
tanto  que  viniese  a  hacer  locuras.  2,  52,  400. 

Senor  gobernador,  de  muy  buena  gana  dejaramos  ir  a  vuesa  merced, 
puesto  que  nos  pesard  mucho  de  perderle,  que  su  ingenio  y  su  cristiano 
proceder  obligan  a  desearle  ;  pero  ya  sabe  que  todo  gobernador  esta 
obligado,  antes  que  se  ausente  de  la  parte  donde  ha  gobernado,  a  dar 
primero  residencia.  2,  53,  412. 

Cf.  also:  2,  5,  46;  2,  11,  91. 


3.    Aunque  mds.1 

....  no  hallaremos  de  quien  vengarnos  aunque  mds  lo  procuremos. 
1,  16,  135. 

....  porque  no  me  querra  el  rey  dar  a  su  hija  como  mujer,  si  no 
esta  primero  muy  enterado  en  esto,  aunque  mds  lo  merezcan  mis  famo- 
sos  hechos.  1,  21,  185. 

Mi  dolor  no  os  alborote 

Aunque  mds  terrible  sea.     1,  26,  241. 

....  no  lo  dejes  de  hacer,  aunque  mds  inconvenientes  se  te  pongan 
delante.  1,  33,  327. 

Vos  si  senor  mio,  sois  el  verdadero  dueno  desta  vuestra  cautiva, 
aunque  mds  lo  impida  la  contraria  suerte,  y  aunque  mds  amenazas  le 
hagan  a  esta  vida,  que  en  la  vuestra  se  sustenta.  1,  36,  363. 

....  Sanchica  ha  de  ser  condesa,  aunque  tu  mds  me  digas.    2,  5,  49. 

....  y  el  negarme  la  comida,  aunque  le  pese  al  senor  doctor,  y 
[aunque']  el  mds  me  diga,  antes  sera  quitarme  la  vida,  que  aumentar- 
mela.  2,  47,  355. 

ld.  Bello,  Gram.,  §  1227. 


16  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN   DON    QUIJOTE. 

....  llevalde  luego,  donde  vera  por  sus  ojos  el  desengano,  aunque 
mas  el  alcalde  quiera  usar  con  el  de  su  interesada  liberalidad.  2,  49, 
376. 

4.    Cuando1  (=  aunque  or  aun  cuando). 

.  .  .  .  y  cuando  el  tuyo  no  este  en  el  punto  que  debe  en  la  intencion 
de  Camila  en  tanto  que  la  solicitares,  importa  poco  6  nada.  1,  33,  327. 

Y  cuando  asi  no  sea,  respondio  el  lastimado  Durandarte  ....  cuando 
asi  no  sea,  O  primo,  paciencia  y  barajar.  2,  23,  186. 

.  .  .  .  y  cuando  todo  corra  turbio,  meuos  mal  hace  el  hipocrita  que 
se  finge  bueiio,  que  el  publico  pecador.  2,  24,  195. 

The  remaining  examples  are  : 

Vol.  1—33,  320;  36,  362;  38,  379;  46,  459; 

Yol.  11—43,  327. 

5.    Maguer  que 2  (==  aunque). 

There  is  one  example  of  maguer  que  followed  by  the  Subjunc- 
tive : 

....  maguer  que  yo  sea  asaz  de  sufrido.     1,  25,  235. 

6.  Por  que. 

There  is  one  example  of  por  que  standing  as  the  equivalent  of 
aunque?  and  followed  by  the  Subjunctive  : 

Yo  muero  en  fin  ;  y  porque  nunca  espere 
Buen  suceso  en  la  muerte  ni  en  la  vida 
Pertinaz  estare  en  mi  fantasia.     1,  14,  110. 

The  following  is  an  example  with  the  Indicative  : 
Pues  porque  os  burlais  no  me  burlo  yo.     1,  20,  172. 

In  the  older  language  the  use  of  porque  as  an  equivalent  of 
aunque  and  followed  by  the  Subjunctive  was  more  frequent.4 

7.  Aun  si. 

\  Cuerpo  de  mi  !  Aun  si  dijesen  los  historiadores  :  el  tal  caballero 

JCf.  Foerster,  Span.  Sprachlehre,  p.  436,  3;  Bello,  Gram.,  §§  1218  and  1239. 
2  Cf.  p.  12.  3  Cf.  p.  12. 

4Cf.  Boheman,   Om  Bruket  of  Kunjunktiven,  pp.  90-91,  where  four  examples 
with  the  Subjunctive  are  cited. 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN   DON   QUIJOTE.  17 

acabo  la  tal  y  tal  aventura,  pero  con  ayuda  de  Fulano  su  escudero. 
2,  40,  308. 

8.    Ya  que1  (=  aunque). 

Asi  que,  seiior  Ambrosio,  ya  que  deis  el  cuerpo  de  vuestro  amigo  a 
la  tierra,  no  querais  dar  sus  escritos  al  olvido.  1,  13,  106. 

....  que,  ya  que  la  guerra  no  de  muchas  riquezas,  suele  dar 
mucho  valor,  y  inucha  fama.  1,  39,  383. 

Unas  nuevas  os  quiero  dar  ahora,  las  cuales,  ya  que  no  sirvan  de 
alivio  a  vuestro  dolor,  no  os  le  aumentaran  en  ninguna  manera. 
2,  23,  186. 

The  remaining  examples  are  : 

Vol.  I— 10,  83;   20,  164;   21,  181;  31,  304;  34,  342;    34, 
343 ;  36,  359-360 ; 
Vol.  11—24,  194. 

9.  Puesto  caso  que.2 

Pero  puesto  caso  que  corran  igualmente  las  hermosuras,  no  por  eso 
han  de  correr  igualmente  los  deseos.  1,  14,  113. 

....  que  puesto  caso  que  os  maten  en  la  primera  faccion  y  refriega, 
6  ya  de  un  tiro  de  artilleria,  6  volado  de  una  mina,  j  que  importa  ? 
2,  24,  198. 

Cf.  also:  1,  21,  185. 

10.  A  pesar  de  que. 

.  .  .  .  de  alii  le  sacare  a  pesar  del  mismo  mundo  que  lo  contradiga. 
1,  44,  439. 

11.    Alternatives. 

Disjunctive  sentences  also,  where  the  one  as  well  as  the  other 
of  the  cases  which  exclude  each  other  is  conceded,  take  the  Sub- 
junctive. We  should  expect  this  in  so  far  as  the  speaker  does 
not  decide  for  either  of  the  cases  in  question. 

Tambien  me  vengara  si  pudiera,  fuera  6  no  fuera  caballero  armado, 
pero  no  pude.  1,  18,  142. 

.  .  .  .  y  que  este  en  el  hombro  6  que  este  en  el  espinazo,  importa 
poco.  1,  30,  392. 

1  Cf.  Foerster,  Span.  Spractdehre,  p.  443,  7. 
2Cf.  Foerster,  1.  c.,  p.  443,  7. 


18  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON   QUIJOTE. 

En  fin,  senor,  lo  que  ultimamente  te  digo  es,  que,  quieras  6  no 
quieras,  yo  soy  tu  esposa.  1,  36,  361. 

Ahora,  seiiores,  quieranme  bien  el  6  quieranme  mal  por  lo  que  dijere, 
el  caso  de  ello  es,  que  asi  va  encantado  mi  senor  Don  Quijote  como 
mi  madre.  1,  47,  465. 

Caballero  andante  he  de  morir,  y  baje  6  suba  el  turco  cuando  el 
quisiere  y  cuan  poderosamente  pudiere  ;  que  otra  vez  digo  que  Dios 
me  entiende.  2,  1,  18. 

.  .  .  .  y  en  lo  que  el  se  mostraba  mas  elegante  y  memorioso  era  en 
traer  refranes,  viniesen  6  no  viniesen  a  pelo  delo  quetrataba.  2,  12,  96. 

Y  yo  por  tu  esposa,  respondio  Quiteria,  aora  vivas  largos  afios,  aora 
te  lleven  de  mis  brazos  a  la  sepultura.  2,  21,  171. 

Ni  yo  tampoco  de  las  de  vuesa  merced,  respondio  Sancho,  siquiera 
me  hiera  siquiera  me  mate  por  las  que  le  he  dicho.  1,  23,  190. 

Eso  no  es  maravilla,  respondio  Sancho,  porque  los  diablos,  jueguen 
6  no  jueguen,  nunca  pueden  estar  contentos,  ganen  6  no  ganen. 
2,  70,  530. 

Cf.  also  :  1,  15,  120  ;  1,  20,  169  ;  1,  44,  437  ;  2,  32,  259  ;  2, 
40,  309  ;  2,  41,  312 ;  2,  44,  341 ;  2,  45,  343  ;  2,  47,  361 ;  2, 
70,  532. 

In  the  following  the  verb  is  to  be  supplied  in  the  second  case : 

....  que  ora  vengais  uno  a  uno  como  pide  la  orden  de  caballeria, 
ora  [vengais~]  todos  juntos.  1,  4,  46. 

.  .  .  .  lo  que  puedes  hacer  del,  es  dejarle  a  sus  aventuras,  ora  se 
pierda  6  no.  1,  18,  145. 

6  ya  quefuese  por  las  amenazas  de  Don  Quijote,  6  [ya  que  fuese~\ 
porque  Ambrosio  les  dijo  que  concluyesen  con  lo  que  a  su  buen  amigo 
debian.  1,  14,  116. 

.  .  .  .  de  que  sea  insula  6  no,  la  que  gobierna,  en  eso  no  me 
entremeto.  2,  50,  387. 

....  vos  haced  lo  que  quisieredes,  ora  la  hagais  duquesa  6 
princesa.  2,  5,  49. 

....  mas  alcanzan  con  Dios  dos  docenas  de  disciplinas  que  dos 
mil  lanzadas,  ora  las  den  a  gigantes,  ora  a  vestiglos  6  a  endriagos. 

2,  8,  72. 

....  llore  6  cante  Altisidora,  desesperese  [6  no]  madama. 
2,  44,  341. 

....  ora  te  tenga  Merlin  6  Montesinos  donde  ellos  quisieren. 
2,  48,  363. 

Cf.  also:  1,  27,  259;  1,  29,  287;  2,  5,  51,  2,  14,  114;  2, 
48,  363 ;  2,  50,  384-385 ;  2,  73,  549  ;  2,  74,  550. 


PART    II. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 

I.     The  Subjunctive  in  the  Subordinate  Clause. 
CHAPTER  I.     HYPOTHETICAL  CLAUSES. 

Part  I.    Unreal  Period. 
A.     Complete  Period. 

I.     Pure  Conditional  Clauses. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  si  tuviese  daria  =-  si  haberem  darem,  52. 

b.  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  haberem  darem,  73. 

c.  si  tuviese  diera  =  si  haberem  darem,  1  (2,  24, 194). 

d.  si  tuviera  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  1  (1,  49,  480). 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  habuissem  dedissem,  122. 

b.  si  tuviera  daria  1  (1,  22,  198).  Cf.  Foth,  Verschie- 
bung,  p.  26. 

c.  si   hubiera   tenido,   hubiera    dado  =  si   habuissem 
dedissem,  4. 

d.  si  hubiera  tenido,  diera  =  si  habuissem  dedissem,  10. 

e.  si  tuviera,  hubiera  dado  —  si  habuissem  dedissem,  9. 

3.  Mixed  Period. 

a.  Type  :  si  habuissem,  darem. 

a.   si  hubiera  tenido,  daria,  2  (1,  33,  324;  2,  7,  Gl). 
ft.  si  hubiera  tenido,  diera,  9. 
7.   si  tuviera  diera,  8. 

b.  Type  :  si  haberem  dedissem. 
a.    si  tuviera,  hubiera  dado  4. 

ft.  si  tuviese,  diera,  1  (1,  40,  398). 

19 


20  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

II.  Infinitive  with  force  of  Conditional. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  In  the  Principal  Clause  Pluperfect  I,  in  the  Sub- 
ordinate Clause  d  with  the  Infinitive.  Type  :  si 
turner  a  diera  =  si  haberem  darem,  9. 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.  In  the  Principal  Clause  Pluperfect  I,  in  the  Sub- 
ordinate Clause  d  with  the   Infinitive.     Type :  si 
tuviera  diera  ==  si  habuissem  dedissem,  20. 

b.  In  the  Principal  Clause  Compound  Pluperfect  I, 
in  the  Subordinate   Clause  d  with  the  Infinitive. 
Type  :  si  tuviera,  hubiera  dado  =  si  habuissem  de- 
dissem,, 2  (1,  21,  179;  1,  22,  189). 

c.  In  the  Principal  Clause  Pluperfect  I,  in  the  Sub- 
ordinate   Clause    d   with    the    Perfect    Infinitive. 
Type  :  si  hubiera  tenido,  diera  =  si  habuissem  de- 
dissem, 2  (1,  42,  416-417  ;  2,  57,  434). 

3.  Mixed  Period. 

a.  In  the  Principal  Clause  Pluperfect  I,  in  the  Sub- 
ordinate Clause  d  with  the  Infinitive.  Type  :  si 
tuviera  diera  =  si  haberem  dedissem,  1  (2,  34,  276). 

III.  Concessive  Sentences  of  Unreality. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  Type  :  si  tuviese  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  21. 

b.  Type  :  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  haberem  darem,  11. 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.  Type :  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  habuissem  dedissem,  18. 

b.  Type :  si  hubiera  tenido,  diera  =  si  habuissem  de- 

dissem, 2  (1,  34,  347;  2,  62,  479). 

3.  Mixed  Period. 

a.  Type :  si  hubiese  tenido,  daria  =  si  habuissem  darem, 
I  (I,  1,  24).  The  Concessive  Clause  is  intro- 
duced by  por  .  .  .  que,  in  this  example. 

IV.  Imperfect  Indicative  instead  of  Imperfect   Future 

(Conditional  Indicative)  in  the  Principal  Clause*. 


THE    SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE.  21 

a.    habia  de  -f  infinitive  =  conditional. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  Cf.  type  :  si  tuviese  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  7. 

b.  Cf.  type  :  si  tuviera  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  4. 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.  Cf.  type :  si  hubiera  tenido,  diera  =  si  habuissem 

dedissem,  1  (1,  19,  157). 

b.  Cf.  type :  si  tuviera,  hubiera  dado  =  si  habuissem 

dedissem,  3. 

3.  Mixed  Period. 

a.    Cf.  type :  si  tuviera  daria  =  si  habuissem  darem,  3. 
/3.    Pure  Imperfect  Indicative. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  Cf.  type :  si  tuviese  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  7. 

b.  Cf.  type  :  si  tuviera  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  8. 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.    Cf.  type:  6^  tuviera,  hubi-era  dado  =  si  habuissem 
dedissem,  6. 

V.     The  Historical  Perfect  in  the  Principal  Clause,  26. 
"VI.     Mixture  of  Real  and  Unreal  Clauses. 

1.  The  Subordinate  (Conditioning)  Clause  is  real. 

a.  Period  of  the  Present,  3. 

b.  Period  of  the  Past,  2  (1,  34,  344;  2,  26,  213). 

2.  The  Principal  (Conditioned)  Clause  is  real. 

a.  Period  of  the  Present,  25. 

b.  Period  of  the  Past,  6. 

VII.     Hypothetical    Periods  introduced  by  Conjunctive 
Expressions  of  Condition. 

1 .  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  Cf.  type  :  si  tuviese  daria  =  si  haberem  darem,  11. 

b.  Cf.  type :  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  haberem  darem,  2 

(1,  28,  269-270;  1,  48,  477). 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.    Cf.  type :  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  habuissem  dedissem,  3. 


22  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

B.     Incomplete  Period. 

I.  Apodosis  lacking. 

1 .  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  Cf.  diera=  darem,  14. 

b.  Cf.  diese  =  darem,  12. 
Deviation  a) 

a.    Cf.  diera  —  darem,  5. 
0.    Cf.  diese  =  darem,  16. 
Deviation  b) 

a.    Cf.  diera  =  darem,  3. 

/3.    Cf.  diese  =  darem,  1  (2,  3,  38). 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.  Cf.  hubiera  tenido  =habuissem,  15. 

b.  Cf.  hubiese  tenido  =  habuissem,  2  (1,  3,  36;  2,  58, 

441). 

c.  Cf.  diera  =  dedissem,  52. 
Deviation  a),  5. 
Deviation  b),  10. 

d.  Cf.  hubiera  dado  =  dedissem,  1  (1,  44,  441). 

II.  Protasis  lacking. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.    Cf.  diera  =  darem,  84. 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.  Cf.  type  :  hubiera  dado  =  dedissem,  7. 

b.  Cf.  type  :  hubiese  dado=  dedissem,  1  (1,  21, 185). 

c.  Cf.  type:  diera  =  dedissem,  117. 

Part  II.     The  Potential  Use. 

A.     Potential  Clause  in  the  Future  Subjunctive  introduced 

by  si  and  cuando. 
In  the  Principal  Clauses  we  may  have : 

1.  The  Present  Indicative,  42. 

2.  The  Future  Indicative,  54. 

3.  The  Imperative  (or  Subjunctive  so  used),  40. 

4.  Forms  of  Present  tense  of  the  locution  haber  de  -f 

an  infinitive  expressing  either  the  Future  or  the 
idea  of  '  must/  11, 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN   DON    QUIJOTE.  23 

Instead  of  the  Future  Subjunctive,  we  may  have  the  Imper- 
fect Subjunctive  with  the  force  of  a  Future,  in  the  Subordi- 
nate Clause.  In  this  case,  in  the  Principal  Clause,  we 
may  have  : 

1.  The  Present  Indicative,  3. 

2.  The  Future  Indicative  (or  the  Present  Subjunctive, 

after  an  expression  of  asseveration,  expressing  a 
future  idea),  5. 

3.  The  Imperative  or  Subjunctive  used  as  Imperative, 

1  (2,  7,  61). 

4.  The  Imperfect  Future  (Conditional  Indicative),  2 

(2,  40,  305 ;  2,  59,  451). 

B.  Potential  Clause  in  Present  Subjunctive  introduced  by 
como,  con  que,  con  ....  que,  con  ted  que,  solo  con  que, 
con  solos  ....  que,  si  no  es  que. 

In  the  Principal  Clause  we  may  have : 

1.  The  Present  Indicative,  30. 

2.  The  Future  Indicative,  19. 

3.  The  Imperative,  2  (1,  46,  454-455  ;  2,  31,  246). 

4.  The  Present  Subjunctive  used  as  Imperative,  2  (2 

26,  212;  2,  52,  403  x). 

CHAPTER  II.     FINAL  CLAUSES. 

Introduced  by : 

1.  para  que,  146. 

2.  porque,  151. 

3.  d  que,  2  (2,  1,  19  ;   2,  51,  392). 

4.  que,  11. 

5.  como,  2  (1,  33,  328;  2,  62,  474). 

6.  a  trueco  de,  1  (2,  28,  226). 

7.  de  modo  que,  4. 

8.  de  manera  que,  3. 

9.  The  negative  particle,  having  the  meaning  and  force 

of  <  lest/  4. 

1  The  text  has  digo,  which  has  been  amended  to  diga  in  accordance  with  the 
fac-simile  edition,  and  as  required  by  the  syntax. 


24  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON   QUIJOTE. 

CHAPTER  III.     CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSES. 

a.  Introduced  by  que  having  an  Adverbial  Correlative  in  the 

Principal  Clause. 

1.  tan  ....  que,  74. 

2.  asi  .  .  .  .  que,  2  (2,  12,  98  ;  2,  67,  514). 

3.  tanto  ....  que,  18. 

4.  en  #rado  ....  que,  I  (2,  57,  436). 

b.  Introduced  by  que  having  a  Pronominal,  or  Adjectival  Pro- 

nominal Correlative,  in  the  Principal  Clause. 

1.  tanto  (-J-  substantive)  que,  18. 

2.  tal  que,  16. 

3.  foi/  (-(-  substantive)  que,  15. 

c.  Introduced  by  que,  having  the  Elliptical  Adjectival  Correla- 

tive tal  in  the  Principal  Clause. 

1.  de  manera  que,  20. 

2.  de  modo  que,  16. 

3.  de  suerte  que,  3. 

4.  e?i  mocfo  que,  3. 

d.  Introduced  by  que  having  the  elliptical  correlative  de  tal 

manera  or  tal  in  the  Principal  Clause,  12. 

e.  Introduced  by  para  que  (d  que),  33. 

f.  Negative  Result,  introduced  by : 

1.  que  no,  10. 

2.  sin  que,  97. 

3.  no  porque,  14. 

g.  Transition  from  Consecutive  to  Final  Clauses,  3. 

CHAPTER  IV.     CAUSAL  CLAUSES. 

Introduced  by : 
como,  15. 

puesto  que,  2  (1,  47,  467 ;  2,  72,  542). 
ya  que,  I  (1,  36,  360). 

CHAPTER  V.     CONCESSIVE  CLAUSES. 

Introduced  by : 

1)  aunque;  2)  puesto  que;   3)  aunque  mds ;   4)  cuando ; 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IX    DON    QUIJOTE.  25 

5)  magiler  que;  Q)porque;  7)  aun  si;  8)  ya  que;  9)puesto 
caso  que;  10)  d pesar  de  que;  11)  Alternatives. 
For  discussion,  cf.  pp.  11—18. 

CHAPTER  VI.     TEMPORAL  CLAUSES. 

A.  Introduced  by: 

1.  antes  que,  80. 

2.  primero  que,  7. 

3.  antes  y  primero  que,  2  (2,  42,  322  ;  2,  52,  401). 

4.  cuando,  115. 

5.  siempre  que,  1  (2,  41,  312). 

6.  cada  y  cuando  que,  4. 

7.  como,  2  (1,  21,  179-180)  (1,  24,  215). 

8.  asi  como,  2  (1,  21,  181-182  ;  1,  43,  428). 

9.  en  tanto  que,  13. 

10.  mientras,  4. 

11.  mientras  que,  1  (1,  30,  294). 

12.  hasta  que,  45. 

13.  hasta  tanto  que,  5. 

14.  despues  que,  6. 

B.  Temporal  Locutions. 

a.  Equivalents  of  Cuando : 

1.  d  tiempo  que,  1  (1,  23,  206). 

2.  al  tiempo  que,  2  (1,  25,  233 ;  1,  34,  347). 

3.  el  tiempo  que,  1  (2,  35,  281). 

4.  alpunto  que,  1  (1,  43,  424). 

5.  el  dia  que,  1  (2,  5,  51). 

6.  d  hora  que,  1  (1,  26,  242). 

b.  Equivalents  of  Mientras  (Jlfientras  que) :  el  tiempo  que,  3. 

c.  Equivalents  of  En  tanto  que : 

1.  el  tiempo  que,  1  (1,  33,  331). 

2.  los  dias  que,  1  (2,  30,  239). 

d.  Equivalents  of  Siempre  que:  las  veces  que,  3. 

CHAPTER  VII.     ADJECTIVE  CLAUSES. 
A.     Final  Relative  Clauses. 


26  THE    SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

I.  The  Antecedent  of  the  Relative  is  expressed. 

a.  The  Relative   Clause  is  introduced  by  a   Relative 

Pronoun,  78. 

b.  The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Adverb. 

1.  donde,  30. 

2.  que,  I  (1,  34,  346). 

II.  The  Relative  includes  its  Antecedent. 

a.  The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Pronoun,  27. 

b.  The  Relative    Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Adverb. 
donde,  6. 

B.     Consecutive  Relative  Clauses. 

I.  The  Principal  Clause  is  affirmative. 

a.  The  Relative  has  an  Indefinite  Antecedent. 

a.   The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Pronoun,  102. 
ft.  The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Adverb,  23. 

b.  The  Relative  includes  its  Antecedent. 

The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  only  by  a  Rela- 
tive Pronoun,  12. 

II.  The  Principal  Clause  is  negative. 

a.  The  Relative  has  an  Indefinite  Antecedent. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Pronoun,  116. 
8.  The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Adverb,  7. 

b.  The  Relative  includes  its  Antecedent. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 
Pronoun,  24. 

III.  Both  Principal  and  Subordinate  Clauses  are  negative, 
a.    The  Relative  has  an  Indefinite  Antecedent. 


THE    SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE.  27 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Pronoun,  33. 
ft.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Adverb. 

1.  donde,  8. 

2.  gwe,  1  (2,  47,  361). 

b.    The  Relative  includes  its  Antecedent. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 
Pronoun,  3. 

IV.  The  Principal  Clause  is  Restrictive. 

a.  The  Relative  has  an  Indefinite  Antecedent. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Pronoun,  1  (1,  41,  400). 
ft.   The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 

Adverb,  3. 

b.  The  Relative  includes  the  Antecedent. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 
Pronoun,  2  (1,  41,  415  ;  2,  39,  304). 

V.  Interrogative  Sentences  to  which  a  negative  answer  is 

expected. 

a.  The  Antecedent  is  indefinite. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 
Pronoun,  42. 

b.  The  Relative  includes  its  Antecedent. 

a.    The  Relative  Clause  is  introduced  by  a  Relative 
Pronoun,  3. 

C.     Concessive  Relative  Clauses. 

I.     The  Relative  includes  the  Antecedent. 

a.  The  Relative  is  a  Pronoun  or  Adverb  compounded 

with  quiera ;  for  example,  quienguiera,  cualquiera, 
como  quiera,  donde  quiera ,  do  quiera.  (Examples 
given  under  I.  b.) 

b.  The  Relative  is  a  Pronoun  or  Adverb,  that  is,  quien, 

donde  (do),  como,  cuanto,  cuantos,  todos  cuantos, 


28  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN   DON    QUIJOTE. 

cuales,  used   in  a  general   sense,  and   having  the 
force  of  quienquiera,  donde  quiera,  etc. 

1.  quien,  19. 

2.  donde  (do),  44. 

3.  como,  28. 

4.  euanto  (=  todo  lo  que),  22. 

5.  cuantos,  3. 

6.  todos  euantoSj  3. 

7.  chafes,  1  (2,  16,  130). 

II.     The  Antecedent  of  the  Eelative  is  expressed. 

a.  The  Antecedent  is  a  Pronoun  or  Adverb  compounded 

with  quiera. 

1.  quienquiera,  12. 

2.  cualquiera,  3. 

3.  como  quiera,  4. 

4.  donde  quiera  (do  quiera),  11. 

b.  The  Antecedent  is  a  Noun  modified  by  cualquiera, 

or  cuantos. 

1.  eualquiera,  14. 

2.  cuantos,  8. 

c.  The  Antecedent  of  the  Relative  is  a  Personal  or 

Demonstrative  Pronoun. 

1.  el  que,  la  que,  34. 

2.  fos  ^we,  £as  que,  19. 

3.  focfos  fos  que,  todas  las  que,  7. 

4.  fo  ^e,  114. 

5.  todo  lo  que,  24. 

6.  todo  aquello  que,  18. 

7.  aquellos,  aquella,  aquello  que,  6. 

8.  Concessive  Sentences  of  the  type:  sea  lo  que  (el 

que)fuere,  sea  quienfuere,  33. 

d.  The  Antecedent  is  a  Noun  with  the  Definite  Article, 

Demonstrative  Adjective,  cada  or  algun. 

1.  Definite  Article,  65. 

2.  Demonstrative  Adjective,  1  (2,  16,  128). 

3.  cada,  1  (2,  71,  535). 

4.  algun,  1  (1,  17,  138). 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE.  29 

e.    The  Antecedent  is  a  Superlative  expression. 

a.  The  Antecedent  is  a  noun  modified  by  an  Adjec- 
tive in  the  Superlative  degree,  or  a  Superlative 
Adjective  used  substantively. 

1.  mejor,  10. 

2.  mds,  21. 

3.  menos,  2  (2,  3,  37  ;  2,  3,  38). 

4.  mayor,  2  (1,  33,  323 ;  1,  3,  39). 

5.  primer  o,  19. 

/3.  The  Antecedent  is  an  Adverb  in  the  Superlative 
Degree. 

1.  lo  mejor,  10. 

2.  h  mds,  2  (2,  5,  52;  2,  17,  135). 

3.  fomeno*,  1  (1,  21,  183). 

f.  The  Antecedent  of  the  Relative  is  a  Quantitative 

Adjective,  or  Adverb,  or  a  Noun  modified  by  a 
Quantitative  Adjective. 

1.  por  ....  mds  que,  5. 

2.  por  mds  que,  5. 

3.  por  mueho  que,  3. 

4.  mds  que  (=por  mds  que),  4. 

5.  por  mejor  que,  1  (1,  41,  402). 

6.  por  mal  que,  1  (2,  28,  227). 

7.  mal  que  (=por  mal  que),  6. 

8.  por  ....  que  (=por  mds  ....  que),  27. 

g.  The  Antecedent  of  the  Relative  refei"s  to  Adjectives 

or  Adverbs  connected  by  the  Correlative  Conjunc- 
tions 6  ....  6,  4. 

D.     Conditional  Relative  Clauses. 

1.  Period  of  the  Present. 

a.  Cf.  type  :  si  tuvlese  daria  =si  Jiaberem  darem,  6. 

b.  Cf.  type  :  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  Jiaberem  darem,  1  (2, 

26,  216). 

2.  Period  of  the  Past. 

a.    Cf.  type  :  si  tuviera  diera  =  si  habuissem  dedissem,  4. 


30  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

CHAPTER  VIII.     SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES. 

A.     Subject  Clauses. 

1.  The  act  is  wished  for. 

a.  placer,  13. 

b.  convenir,  8. 

c.  ser  acertado,  3. 

d.  ser  el  gusto  de  alguno,  1  (1,  45,  448). 

e.  ser  de  parecer,  10. 

f.  salir  por  voto  y  parecer,  2  (2, 15, 119  ;  2, 15, 1 19  bis). 

g.  haber  parecer,  1  (1,  41,  411). 
h.    ser  el  parecer  de  uno,  8. 

i.   parecerle  d  uno,  2  (2,  26,  215;  2,  47,  357). 

2.  The  act  is  demanded. 

a.  ser  la  voluntad  de  alguno,  6. 

b.  ser  mandamiento,  1  (2,  12,  96). 

c.  ser  orden,  1  (1,  26,  243). 

d.  ser  determination,  1  (2,  7,  62). 

e.  contenerse,  1  (1,  45,  449). 

3.  The  act  is  agreed  upon. 

a.  pacto  y  conderto,  1  (2,  15,  119). 

b.  acordarse,  1  (1,  40,  397). 

c.  ser  acordado,  1  (1,  45,  448). 

d.  concertarse,  5. 

4.  The  act  is  striven  for. 

a.    intention,  2  (1,  22,  192;  id.  bis.). 

5.  The  act  is  required. 

a.  ser  menester,  22. 

b.  ser  forzoso,  7. 

c.  ser  necesario,  5. 

d.  ser  de  necesidad,  1  (2,  51,  393). 

e.  ser  de  esentia,  1  (1,  13,  103). 

f.  restar,  2  (1,  37,  371;  1,  46,  452). 

6.  The  act  is  represented  as  possible  or  impossible. 

a.  poder  ser,  61. 

b.  ser  posible,  30. 

c.  ser  imposible,  1  (2,  33,  266). 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON    QUIJOTE.  31 

d.   poder  acontecer,  1  (1,  14,  113). 

7.  The  act  is  represented  as  permissible. 

a.  ser  licito,  1  (1,  33,  318). 

b.  no  ser  licito  ni  concedido,  1  (1,  8,  68). 

8.  The  act  is  made  a  subject  of  reflection. 

a.  ser  bien,  46. 

b.  ser  bueno,  8. 

c.  ser  mejor,  16. 

d.  ser  razon,  20. 

e.  estar  puesto  en  razon,  3. 

f.  ser  gran  razon,  1  (1,  43,  425). 

g.  serjusto,  13. 

h.  ddrsele  d  uno  algo,  7. 

i.  ddrsele  d  uno  un  higo,  1  (2,  8,  68). 

j.  importer,  4. 

k.  hacer  at  caso,  3. 

1.  bastar,  10. 

m.  no  ser  de  inconveniente,  1  (2,  65,  504). 

n.  no  ser  d  proposito,  1  (2,  25,  206). 

o.  parecer  bien,  2  (2,  18,  149;  2,  57,  436). 

p.  parecer,  2  (],  9,  73;  2,  68,  517). 

q.  probarse,  2  (1,  13,  99;  2,  12,  100). 

r.  usarse,  2  (1,  49,  479;  2,  70,  532). 

s.  estar  en  uso  y  costumbre,  1  (1,  13,  101). 

t.  ser  tiempo,  3. 

u.  ser  hom,  2  (1,  41,  404;  2,  54,  420). 

v.  ser,  1  (1,  42,  420). 

w.  miscellaneous  examples,  24. 

9.  The  Principal  Clause  describes  the  impression  which 

the  Subordinate  Clause  makes,  and  the  verb  of  the 
latter  appears  in  the  Subjunctive. 

a.  ser  maravilla,  10. 

b.  ser  mucho,  7. 

c.  pesarle  d  uno,  7. 

d.  que  mucho,  4. 

e.  dark  Idstima  d  uno,  I  (2,  62,  478). 


32  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

f.    ser  Idstima,  1  (2,  59,  451). 
g.    ser  cosa  de  ldstimay  1  (2,  70,  528). 
h.    darle  gusto  a  uno,  1  (2,  3,  36). 

B.     Object  Clauses. 

I.  The  Subjunctive  Mood  is  used  in  Object  Clauses  which 

depend  upon  a  verb,  or  governing  expression,  which 
indicates  : 

1.  a  wish,  266. 

2.  advice,  notification,  exhortation,  request,  entreaty,  or 

command,  604. 

3.  an  injunction  or  expression  of  the  will  suggesting  its 

accomplishment  in  the  Subordinate  Clause,  4. 

4.  a  verb  or  governing  expression  which  indicates  per- 

mission, concession,  or  agreement,  91. 

5.  prevention  or  prohibition,  9. 

6.  an  effort  or  striving  after  something,  or  contains  the 

idea  of  causation,  93. 

7.  fear,  danger,  hope,  or  expectation,  wonder,  suspicion, 

contentment,  or  in  general  any  emotion,  38. 

8.  expressions  of  asseveration,  49. 

9.  thinking,  perceiving,  or  understanding,  15. 

10.  knowing,  believing,  or  imagining  when  preceded  by 

a  negative  or  negative  idea,  or  when  the  sentence 
is  interrogative,  46. 

11.  doubting  and  denying,  7. 

12.  deserving  and  thanking,  6. 

II.  The  Indirect  Question,  10. 

III.  Que  preceded  by  a  Preposition  in  Object  Clauses. 
a.    de  que  after  : 

1.  verbs  or  expressions  of  emotion,  42. 

2.  verbs  or  expressions  of  notification,  4. 

3.  after  an  expression  indicating  advice,  1  (1,  31,  305). 

4.  an  expression  of  granting,  12. 

5.  verbs  and  expressions   of  agreement  and  arrange- 

ment, 2  (2,  16,  122;  2,  25,  206). 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON    QUIJOTE.  33 

6.  verbs  and  expressions  of  ordering,  14. 

7.  verbs   and   expressions   of  prohibition,   prevention, 

aversion,  or  opposition,  6. 

8.  verbs  and  expressions  of  effort  and  striving,  14. 

9.  verbs  and  expressions  of  causation,  15. 

10.  verbs   expressing    conjecture,   and  after  verbs  and 

expressions  indicating  indifference  of  feeling,  20. 

11.  digno  and  capaz. 

a.  Followed  by  que.     A  pure  latinism.     2  (1,  45, 

450  ;  1,  46,  457). 

b.  Followed  by  de  que.     1  (2,  33,  264). 
ft.    d  que. 

1.  construction  absolute,  44. 

2.  construction  vacillating,  32. 
7.    con  que,  1  (2,  64,  499). 

9.    en  que,  11. 

C.     The  Omission  of  que  in  Substantive  Clauses. 

a.  in  Object  Clauses,  156. 

b.  in  Subject  Clauses,  9. 

II.     The  Subjunctive  in  the  Principal  Clause. 
CHAPTER  I.     THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  EXPRESSES  A  WISH. 

A.     The  Wish  is  Good. 

The  Tense  is  always  Present. 

a.  Simple  Wish. 

a.    affirmative,  82. 
ft.    negative,  11. 

b.  Expressions  of  salutation,  praise,  thanksgiving. 
a.    affirmative,  48. 

ft.    negative,  0. 

c.  Exclamatory  Phrases, 
a.    affirmative,  23. 

ft.    negative,  0. 

d.  Explanatory  Relative  Clauses. 
a.    affirmative,  16. 

ft.    negative,  0. 


34  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   IN    DON    QUIJOTE. 

B.  The  Wish  is  Bad. 

a.  Simple  Wish. 

a.    affirmative,  44. 
ft.    negative,  0. 

b.  Explanatory  Relative  Clauses. 

1.  Present  Subjunctive. 
a.    affirmative,  14. 

ft.    negative,  0. 

2.  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  (type :  hubiese  dado). 
a.   affirmative,  0. 

13.   negative  1  (1,  35,  351). 

C.  The  Wish  is  Impossible  of  Realization. 
The  Tense-type  is  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive. 

a.    affirmative,  5. 
ft.    negative,  0. 

D.  The  Conditional  Wish. 

1.  The  Wish  is  conditioned  by  the  si-clause. 
a.    affirmative,  17. 

13.    negative,  2  (1,  45,  445;  2,  21,  168). 

2.  Constructions  with  asi  in  the  Conditional  Wish,  13. 

E.  Quien  in  Sentences  of  Wishing,  7. 

CHAPTER  II.    THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  EXPRESSES  AN  EXHORTATION. 

A.     The  Exhortation  is  an  Incitement  or  Modified  Command. 
1st  Person  Singular. 

a.    affirmative,  11.     ft.    negative,  0. 
2nd  Person  Singular. 

a.    affirmative,  0.     ft.    negative,  59. 
3rd  Person  Singular. 

a.    affirmative,  411.     ft.    negative,  67. 
1st  Person  Plural. 

a.    affirmative,  79.     ft.    negative,  1  (1,  22,  193). 
2nd  Person  Plural. 

a.   affirmative,  0.     ft.    negative,  32, 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE   IX   DON   QUIJOTE.  35 

3rd  Person  Plural. 

a.    affirmative,  85.     ft.    negative,  5. 
B.     The  Exhortion  is  an  Absolute  Command. 
1st  Person  Singular,  0. 
2nd  Person  Singular. 

a.    affirmative,  0.     ft.    negative,  38. 
3rd  Person  Singular. 

a.    affirmative,  48.     ft.    negative,  20. 
1st  Person  Plural. 

a.    affirmative,  20.    ft.  negative,  2  (2,5,49;  2,9,75). 
2nd  Person  Plural. 

a.    affirmative,  0.     ft.    negative,  17. 
3rd  Person  Plural. 

a.    affirmative,  54.     ft.    negative,  0. 

CHAPTER  III.   THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  EXPRESSES  CONCESSION,  42. 

CHAPTER  IV.   THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  EXCLAMATIONS  OF  SUR- 
PRISE, 3. 

CHAPTER  V.   LA  VERDAD  SEA  (VERDAD  SEA),  t4. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


1.  Becker,  K. — Le  Subjonctif  frar^ais  compare*  au  Conjonctif  latin.    Weilburg, 

1857. 

2.  Bello,  A. — Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Castellana,  sexta  edici&n,  con  extensas 

notas  de  D.  Kufino  Jose*  Cuervo.     Paris,  1898. 

3.  Bischoff,  F. — Der  Conjunctiv  bei  Crestien.     Halle. 

4.  Boheman,  M. — Om  Bruket  af  Konjunktiven  lios  Gonzalo  de  Berceo.    Stock- 

holm. 1897. 

5.  Cuervo,  R.  J. — Diccionario  de  Construccion  y  Regimen  de  la  Lengua  Cas- 

tellana.    Vols.  I,  II.     Paris,  1886,  1894. 

6.  Clemencin,  D. — El  Ingenioso  Hidalgo  Don  Quijote  de  la  Mancha  compuesto 

por  Miguel  de  Cervantes  Saavedra,  y  comentado  por  Don  Diego  Clem- 
encin. Madrid,  1833. 

7.  Die/,  F. — Grammaire  des  Langues  Romanes,  traduite  por  Auguste  Brachet 

et  Gaston  Paris.     Paris,  1874. 

8.  Foerster,  P.— Spanische  Sprachlehre.     Berlin,  1880. 

9.  Foth,  K. — Die  Verschiebung  Lateinischer  Tempora   in   den  Romanischen 

Sprachen.     London,  1876. 

10.  Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  J. — Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha.     Primera  Edicion  del 

texto  restituido.  Con  Notas  y  una  Introduction  por  Jaime  Fitzmaurice 
Kelly  y  Juan  Ormsby.  2  Vols.  London,  1898. 

11.  Garces,  G. — Fundamento  del  Vigor  y  Elegancia  de  la  Lengua  Castellana. 

Madrid,  1885. 

12.  Gessner,  E.— Die  Hypothetische  Periode  im  Spanischen.     Zfrp.,  XIV,  pp. 

21-65. 

13.  Gessner,  E. — Das  Spanische  Relativ-  u.  Interrogativpronomen.   Zfrp.  XVIII, 

pp.  449-497. 

14.  Hartzenbusch,  J. — La  Primera  Edici6n  del  Ingenioso  Hidalgo  Don  Quijote 

de  la  Mancha,  compuesto  por  Miguel  de  Cervantes  Saavedra,  reproducida 
en  facsimile,  despues  de  266  anos  por  la  foto-tipografia  bajo  los  auspicios 
de  una  Asociacion  Propagadara  de  la  que  son  Presidente  el  Excmo.  Sr. 
D.  Juan  Hartzenbusch,  autor  de  las  notas  de  esta  edicion  y  Secretario  el 
Sr.  D.  Carlos  Frontaura.  Barcelona,  MDCCCLXXI  &  LXXIII. 

15.  Hartzenbusch,  J. — Las  1633  Notas  puestas  por  el  Exmo.  4  Ilmo.  Sr.  D.  Juan 

Eugenio  Hartzenbusch  a  la  Primera  edicion  de  El  Ingenioso  Hidalgo, 
reproducida  por  D.  Francisco  Lopez  Fabra  con  la  Foto-Tipografia. 
Barcelona,  1874. 

16.  Kowalski,  R.— Der  Conjunctiv  bei  Wace.     Breslau,  1882. 

17.  Krollick,  H.— Uber  den  Conjunctiv  bei  Villehardouin.      Greifswald,  1877. 

36 


BIBLIOGEAPHY.  37 

18.  Maetzner,  E. — Syntax  der  Neufranzosischen  Sprache.    2  Vols.    Berlin,  1843. 

19.  Maetzner,  E. — An  English  Grammar.     3  Vols.     London,  1874. 

20.  Meyer-Liibke,  W. — Grammaire  des  Langues  Komanes.     Traduction   Fran- 

caise  par  Auguste  Doutrepont  et  George  Doutrepont,  Tome  Troisieme, 
Syntaxe.     Paris,  1900. 

21.  Nebling,  E.— Der  Subjunctiv  bei  Joinville.     Kiel,  1879. 

22.  Ochoa,  J. — El  Ingenioso  Hidalgo  Don  Quijote  de  la  Mancha,  segun  et  texto 

corregido  y  anotado  por  el  Sr.  Ochoa.     New  York,  1874. 

23.  Quiehl,  K. — Der  Gebrauch  des  Konjunktivs  in  den  altesten   franzosischen 

Sprachdenkmiilern.     Kiel,  1881. 

24.  Shelton,  T.— The  History  of  the  Valorous  and  Witty  Knight-errant  Don 

Quixote  of  the  Mancha,  by  Cervantes.     Translated  by  Thomas  Shelton, 
1612-1620.     London  and  Philadelphia.     4  vols.     1895. 

25.  Veltrup,  W. — Der  Syntaktische  Gebrauch  des  Conjunktivs  in  "  Li  Chevaliers 

as  deus  Espees."     Miinster,  1885. 

26.  Viardot,  L. — L'Ingenieux  Hidalgo  Don  Quichotte  de  la  Mancha  par  Miguel 

de  Cervantes  Saavedra.     Nouvelle  edition  traduite  et  annotee  par  Louis 
Viardot.     Paris,  1895. 

27.  Wiggers,  J. — Grammatik  der  Spanischen  Sprache.    Zweite  Auflage.    Leipzig, 

1884. 

28.  Weissgerber,  W. — Der  Konjunktiv  bei  den  franzosischen  Prosaikern  des  16. 

Jahrhunderts.     Oppeln,  1886. 


LIFE. 


I  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  on  June  4th,  1858.  My 
preparatory  studies  were  made  at  the  College  of  St.  James,  in 
Washington  County,  Maryland,  and  I  graduated  from  Columbia 
University,  New  York  City,  in  1879,  with  the  Degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Arts.  After  a  short  residence  in  Paris,  I  went  to  the 
Island  of  Porto  Rico,  and  lived  for  about  a  year  in  Porto  Rico 
and  Havana,  Cuba.  About  fifteen  years  were  then  passed  in 
active  life  in  Wall  Street,  interrupted  by  two  trips  to  Europe  and 
a  residence  in  Paris  of  some  months.  I  first  heard  Spanish  when 
ten  years  of  age,  and  from  my  thirteenth  to  my  seventeenth  year 
spoke  it  daily  at  school,  where  there  was  a  large  number  of  South 
American  pupils.  During  the  entire  period  of  my  business  life 
in  New  York,  I  made  a  point  of  availing  myself  of  the  many 
opportunities  for  conversation  in  Spanish  and  French  which  offer 
themselves  in  so  cosmopolitan  a  city. 

Since  October,  1898,  I  have  been  a  graduate  student  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  where  my  studies  have  been  in  Spanish 
as  my  principal  subject,  and  French  and  History  as  first  and 
second  subordinates,  respectively.  I  have  attended  the  lectures  of 
Professors  Elliott,  Marden,  Armstrong  and  Ogden,  and  of  Doctors 
Keidel  and  Lee,  to  all  of  whom,  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks 
and  gratitude  for  the  benefit  E  have  received  from  their  courses 
of  instruction.^  I  desire  here,  particularly  to  thank  Professor 
Marden  for  the  critical  training  received  so  largely  from  him, 
which  has  enabled  me  to  do  this  work,  and  to  express  especially  to 
Professor  Elliott  my  grateful  appreciation  of  his  constant  guidance 
and  encouragement  in  my  advanced  studies. 

WILLIAM  ELFORD  GOULD. 

Baltimore,  May,  1903. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 
on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 


1C  IF 

(N) 

•a  **a  &s  '£ 

r 

HAY   5t9688 


STANFORD 


NTE3- 


LOAN 


MAY  2 -'68 -6 


DEC  3     1969 


LOAN  DIP"* 


AOIO  DISC  SEP  11*9 

rr*  t  %'  •*  I 


JAN  2  7  ig?R  1  £ 


LD  21A-45m-9,'67 
(H5067slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES       YC  ° '  °93 


COD3330SDS 


m 


/ 

x-ef 


